Semiconductors Application Forms and Doping Benefits to Wastewater Treatment: A Comparison of TiO2, WO3, and g-C3N4

Photocatalysis has been vastly applied for the removal of contaminants emerging concern (CECs) and other micropollutants, with aim future water reclamation. As a process based upon photon irradiation, materials that may be activated through natural light sources are highly pursued, to facilitate their application reduce costs. TiO2 is reference material, it greatly optimized. However, in its typical configuration, known mainly active under ultraviolet radiation. Thus, multiple alternative visible driven (VLD) have intensively studied recently. WO3 g-C3N4 currently attractive VLD catalysts, possessing similarities as metal oxide, allowing correlations between knowledge regarding catalyst, having an interesting distinct non-metallic polymeric structure benefit easy production. In this review, recent developments towards CECs degradation photocatalysis discussed, alongside selected materials, g-C3N4. The here evaluate different techniques more commonly explored enhance catalyst photo-activity, specifically doping elements formation composite materials. Moreover, possible combination ozonation also explored, promising route potentialize individual efficiencies overcome drawbacks.